DNA Mutations Set Hard Biological Limit on Human Lifespan at 190 Years

Researchers from the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology in Russia have pinpointed a hard ceiling for how long humans might survive. Their calculations suggest an average life expectancy stretching between 150 and 190 years, which is roughly double the current figures seen across the United Kingdom where women reach 83 and men hit 79. Even if we somehow created a perfect drug to halt every other sign of aging, this biological wall would remain standing for everyone. The primary culprit behind this limit is not disease or accident, but rather the slow accumulation of random mutations within our DNA over time. These tiny somatic changes gradually erode the body's ability to function properly no matter how well we treat other ailments. Bryan Johnson and other longevity advocates might find this disappointing news, as it confirms that immortality remains impossible regardless of medical breakthroughs. Yet there is a silver lining for those hoping to extend their days significantly beyond what society currently accepts. Some theoretical models even push the maximum potential age up to 627 years, though average humans will likely settle near the lower end of the extended range. The study reveals that while we cannot stop time forever, we might just be able to walk a much longer road than anyone imagined before today.

Aunt Marj is pictured celebrating her 111th birthday as one of Britain's oldest women. But even figures like hers remind us that ageing brings wear and tear to our bodies in countless ways. At the biological level, these processes range from the shortening of 'caps' on our DNA strands called telomeres to our cells losing the ability to clear out waste. The researchers didn't initially set out to work out the ultimate limits of the human lifespan, but rather to find a way of measuring how all these processes contribute to ageing.

What they found was that one inevitable process will bring our lives to an end, even if every other hallmark of ageing was treatable. This process is the buildup of 'somatic mutations', tiny mistakes that can arise in our DNA every time a cell divides. Our cells are really good at catching and repairing these errors, but they aren't perfect. Most of these mutations are perfectly harmless, but they can sometimes give rise to dangerous cancer–causing changes. Those cancers alone could be deadly, but even if medicine could keep cancer at bay, the mutations themselves would eventually become fatal.

Despite the hopes of longevity enthusiasts, such as the tech entrepreneur Bryan Johnson (pictured), this means humans cannot live forever even with a perfect anti–ageing treatment. Once somatic mutations build up to a certain level, they start to impair how the cell functions, wearing down our tissues and eventually leading to organ failure. This puts a theoretical 'hard limit' on how long a person could live, but that realisation left one glaring question.

'What would be the lifespan of a human who has overcome all ageing mechanisms except somatic mutations?' asked lead author Dr Dmitrii Kriukov. Dr Kriukov explains: 'We built a model of human ageing driven solely by somatic mutations. Our model estimates how this process alone affects lifespan by slowly depleting cells across tissues.' If medicine could treat everything besides these somatic mutations, average lifespans range between 146 and 194 years old, depending on the exact model used.

'It's not a verdict of inevitability', says Dr Kriukov. 'But it does highlight that somatic mutations, while surprisingly weak as a standalone ageing driver, may become critical when combined with other mechanisms.' The researchers say that tiny errors in our DNA created during cell division will eventually build up and cause organ failure.

While the researchers don't expect humans to start living this long any time soon, their data does show some places where treatments could be most effective. For example, they found that cells in the skin and liver continuously replace old cells with new ones and can keep this replenishment going for a very long time. Cells in the heart and brain, meanwhile, are largely irreplaceable, so they continue to accumulate mutations as the years go by. That might come as a disappointment for the handful of scientists and entrepreneurs who have attempted to crack the secrets of immortality.

Earlier this year, the US–based startup Life Biosciences secured the first FDA approval for a human clinical trial to investigate partial human 'de–ageing '. During the trial, scientists will turn back the biological clock on damaged cells in a person's eye, rejuvenating the tissues and restoring function. Likewise, entrepreneur Bryan Johnson claims 'we may be the first generation who won't die' and reportedly spends $2 million per year on an anti–ageing routine. However, these results suggest that the pursuit of immortality through medical means could be a dead end.